Electronic navigation system and method

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a system for providing geographic information. The system includes a mobile unit having a first geographic database and a base unit having a second geographic database that is more up-to-date than the first geographic database. The base unit receives a request from a mobile unit for updated geographic data. The base unit identifies a portion of the second geographic database that corresponds to the request and provides a response to the mobile unit comprising the identified portion of the second geographic database.

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 08/265,094, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,789 filed on Jun. 24, 1994by David A. Behr and Randall B. Jones, entitled “Computerized NavigationSystem.” The entire contents of the Ser. No. 08/265,094 application isincorporated herein by reference.

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialwhich is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent documentor the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and TrademarkOffice patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrightrights whatsoever.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of Ser. No. 11/260,042, nowU.S. Pat. No. 7,432,830 filed Oct. 27, 2005 which was a continuation ofSer. No. 10/325,797, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,049,981 filed Dec. 20, 2002;which was a divisional of Ser. No. 09/572,877 filed May 18, 2000, nowU.S. Pat. No. 6,614,363; which was a continuation of Ser. No. 09/151,255filed Sep. 10, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,107,944; which was acontinuation of Ser. No. 08/494,198, filed Jun. 23, 1995, now U.S. Pat.No. 5,808,566, which was a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/265,094,filed Jun. 24, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,789.

REFERENCE TO CD-ROM APPENDIX

Included with this specification is a CD-ROM appendix that includessource code that was previously provided in a microfiche appendix in theparent application(s). The CD-ROM contains a file entitled APPENDIX.txthaving a size of 352 kilobytes created on Oct. 27, 2005.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to a system and method for providingroute guidance and tracking information and other information from abase unit to a mobile unit over wireless, wireline, or optical devices.The invention more particularly relates to an apparatus and method forproviding to a mobile unit route guidance and tracking information andother information which has been calculated and/or stored at a base unitin response to a query from the mobile unit.

Systems have already been developed which provide geographical orposition-dependent information to a mobile user. Such systems aregenerally installed in an automobile or other vehicle. These systemsgenerally include an on-board geographic database which may be accessedto determine geographic information, such as locations of points ofinterest, directions to points of interest, and directions between aspecified origin and a destination. An on-board computer calculatesroute guidance information using data from the database in response touser inputs.

Such systems are known as autonomous route guidance systems since theyare independent and self-contained. The systems generally include ageographic database, positioning sensors, and a computer including akeyboard and display. The geographic database is a representation of aregion or metropolitan area and may include, for example, street names,navigation attributes, such as turn restrictions and one-way streets,street addresses, and points of interest, such as airports, restaurantsand museums. The positioning sensors may determine geographic positionfrom RF (Radio Frequency) triangulation or in response to signals from,for example, GPS (Global Positioning System), LORAN C or other similarpositioning systems, and from motion and direction detectors. Thecomputer calculates route guidance information in response to inputsfrom the other system components as well as from operator input. Theroute guidance information is provided to the user in the form ofnavigational text or map graphics.

Autonomous route guidance systems have many drawbacks, however, whichhave prevented their widespread use. Because the system is autonomousand has an on-board database, the system must include large storagecapabilities for storing all of the data which form the database.Technologies such as CD-ROM have allowed storage of an entire databasebut require still a tradeoff between cost and fast, efficient dataaccess.

Another problem with autonomous route guidance systems is maintenanceand currency of the database. As new streets are built, or as oldstreets are reconfigured, as businesses and other points of interestopen and close, the database on CD-ROM or other media becomes out ofdate. In addition, when a database is compiled, it may include errorswhich are then replicated in the many copies provided to users. Theseerrors may require correction in the user copies by replacing thosedatabase copies. Moreover, incorrect or outdated information in thedatabase can lead to errors when calculating routes. When an out-of-datedatabase does not include the information that a particular roadway isclosed, the system may be unable to calculate an alternate route.

Autonomous route guidance system providers may improve the accuracy ofthe system by providing occasional database updates to users. However,distribution of the database, in a medium such as CD-ROM or floppy disk,to remotely located mobile users may be difficult. In addition, themedia themselves are expensive since they may generally be used only asingle time.

Other aspects of such prior art autonomous route guidance systems add totheir cost and inconvenience. Because the systems are autonomous, theymust include all components, including the computer, the database andthe position sensor. Using present technology, such a system is tooheavy and too large to be readily transported by an individual. Inaddition, the complete system has power requirements which make batteryoperation impractical. As a result, autonomous route guidance systemshave been limited to installation in automobiles or other vehicles whichcan accommodate the size and power requirements of such a system. Thecurrent best price for a complete autonomous route guidance system issubstantial. This includes only the cost for a single, dedicatedautonomous route guidance system.

Another type of route guidance system has been tested in Europe usingbeacons to provide a guidance signal to on-board equipment. The systemdirects the user to travel from beacon to beacon, creating a step-wisepath between an origin and a destination because of the fixed locationsof the beacons. The navigational information thus provided forms agenerally inefficient routing path from origin to destination. Inaddition, such a system does not provide the capability to query adatabase for information about nearby points of interest and othergeographical information.

Therefore, there is a need for a routing and information system thatcontinually provides access to up-to-date, correct geographicinformation by a remote user. There is a further need for a routing andinformation system which can be implemented on lightweight, portabledevices for easy, convenient transportation and use. There is a furtherneed for a routing and information system which is independent of anyparticular hardware configuration and which may be implemented on anysuitably equipped data processing apparatus, such as a desktop personalcomputer, a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant or even apager. There is a further need for a routing and information systemwhich provides communication between mobile units and a base unit overany available channel, including wireless, wireline, and opticalchannels. There is a still further need for a data communicationprotocol for providing accurate, reliable communication in such asystem, independent of hardware configuration and in a compact form.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the invention is to provide a method and system fortransmitting route guidance and other information from a base unit to aremote unit in a compact form.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method and system fortransmitting route guidance and other information from a base unit to aremote unit in a language independent form such that the remote unit canprovide the information to a user in any language or form desired by theuser at the remote unit.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method and system fortransmitting route guidance and other information from a base unit to aremote unit in which the amount of information available at a remoteunit can be expanded by providing the remote unit with information fromthe base unit which is not adequately covered by any databases on-boardthe remote unit.

The invention provides a method and system for providing route guidanceand other information from a base unit to a remote unit in response to arequest from the remote unit. A query is formatted at the remote unit,the query including the request, and is transmitted from the remote unitto the base unit. Requested route guidance information is calculated atthe base unit in response to the query, using a large up-to-datedatabase located at the base unit. A response to the query is formattedat the base unit, the response including route guidance information. Theresponse is then transmitted from the base unit to the remote unit fordisplay.

The transmission is made in a compact form through the use of maneuverarms and combined maneuver arms and through the use of tokenized forms.These tokenized forms represent a large amount of textual information byone or several alphanumeric characters.

A maneuver arm represents a road at an intersection, for depiction on adisplay, by one or two endpoint coordinates. If two intersections aresufficiently close together, a first set of maneuver arms for oneintersection and a second set of maneuver arms for the otherintersection are combined to produce a combined set of endpoints fortransmission in a compact form to depict the first set of maneuver armsand the second set of maneuver arms on a common display.

The tokenized forms are expanded at the remote unit into textual drivinginstructions for each of one or more languages. In addition, the amountof information available at a remote unit can be increased by providingthe remote unit with information from the base unit which is notadequately covered by any databases on-board the remote unit.

Other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will beapparent from the detailed description set forth below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features of the invention are set forth with particularity in theappended claims. The invention, together with further objects andadvantages thereof, may be further understood by making reference to thefollowing description taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram illustrating a system of theinvention;

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a data communication protocol forcommunicating data from a mobile, or remote, unit to a base unit inaccordance with the invention and which is used in conjunction with thesystem of FIG. 1 and the method of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a data communication protocol forcommunicating data from a base unit to a mobile unit in accordance withthe invention and which is used in conjunction with the system of FIG. 1and the method of FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a suitable sign convention for maneuverarm endpoint coordinates;

FIGS. 6 to 10 show examples of maneuver arms displays in a remote unit;

FIGS. 11 to 14 illustrate data that is transferred between a remote unitand a base unit in the example of FIGS. 6 to 10;

FIGS. 15 to 38 illustrate additional examples of data transferredbetween a remote unit and a base unit;

FIG. 39 illustrates a combined maneuver arms display;

FIG. 40 illustrates some examples of tokens and corresponding expandedEnglish, Spanish, and German text; and

FIG. 41 is a flowchart used for explaining operation of a stripmaprequest feature of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Overview

The invention provides a method of providing route guidance informationand other information from a base unit to a mobile unit in response to arequest from the mobile unit. The method comprises the steps offormatting a query at the mobile unit, the query including the request,communicating the query from the mobile unit to the base unit, andcalculating route guidance information at the base unit in response tothe query. The method further comprises the steps of formatting aresponse to the query at the base unit, the response including routeguidance information, and communicating the response from the base unitto the mobile unit. The guidance information may include navigationinstructions from an origin to a destination, information about one ormore points of interest within a particular region, or othergeographically referenced information.

The invention further provides a system for communicating routinginformation between a base unit and a mobile unit. The system comprisesan input means at the mobile unit for providing an origin and adestination. The system further comprises a calculating means at thebase unit for calculating a route between the origin and thedestination. The system still further comprises communication means forcommunicating the origin and the destination from the mobile unit to thebase unit and for communicating the route from the base unit to themobile unit. The routing information may include navigation instructionsfrom an origin to a destination, information about one or more points ofinterest within a particular region, or other geographically referencedinformation.

The invention still further provides a method of providing routinginformation to a mobile unit. The method comprises the steps ofproviding an origin and a destination from the mobile unit to a baseunit, the base unit located remotely from the mobile unit. The methodfurther comprises the steps of calculating at the base unit a routebetween the origin and the destination, and providing the route to themobile unit.

The invention still further provides a system for providing routeguidance information to a remote location from a central location. Thesystem comprises a mobile unit including an input means for providing atleast a route destination and an output means for providing anindication of the route guidance information. The system furthercomprises a first transmission means at the mobile unit for transmittingdestination data and origin data from the mobile unit, the destinationdata being indicative of a route destination and the origin data beingindicative of a route origin. The system still further comprises a baseunit at the central location. The base unit includes a first receivingmeans for receiving the destination data and the origin data from thefirst transmission means, a calculating means coupled with the receivingmeans for calculating a route to the route destination from a routeorigin responsive to the destination data and the origin data, and asecond transmission means for transmitting routing data, the routingdata being indicative of the route. The system still further comprises asecond receiving means at the mobile unit for receiving the routing datafrom the second transmission means, the second receiving means beingcoupled with the output means for providing the route guidanceinformation to the input means responsive to the routing data.

The invention also provides a system and method for providinggeographically referenced information from a base unit or server to amobile unit. The mobile unit may be a transportable device such as alaptop computer or personal digital assistant (PDA), or may be a desktoppersonal computer or any other device permitting data entry and display,printing, or sounding of the provided information.

The mobile unit communicates with the base unit using any availablecommunication system, such as land line telephone link, cellulartelephone or radio frequency transmission. Queries are communicated fromthe mobile unit to the base unit. The query requests route guidanceinformation, information about a point of interest or other geographicalinformation. The query is formatted in a specified protocol. The baseunit communicates responses to queries, the responses also beingformatted in a specified protocol. The responses may include, forexample, textual navigational directions and/or maneuver arms showinggraphical representations of street intersections and the calculatedroute through the intersection. Transmitting only a representation ofthe intersection, rather than all geographical features around theintersection, allows the response, including the maneuver arms, to betransmitted over a low bandwidth channel. The invention operatesindependently of the communication system and is adaptable to anysystem. The invention allows support for many different mobile unitplatforms, taking advantage of each platform's capabilities whileretaining as much system-level look and feel consistency as possible.

The base unit includes a geographical database, such as the NavigationTechnologies Corp. navigable map database. The geographical databasestores a variety of geographical and position-oriented attributes, suchas street addresses, turn restrictions and points of interest. Thepoints of interest are preferably organized according to differentparameters, including point of interest type, such as “restaurant” or“museum;” point of interest name; city; driving distance; and/or drivingtime. The base unit further includes a server for receiving queries fromone or more mobile units, resolving ambiguities in the queries,determining a response to a query, and accessing the geographicaldatabase as needed. The server formats a response to the query andcommunicates the response to the mobile unit.

In a first mode of operation, an origin and a destination are entered atthe mobile unit. The origin and/or the destination may be in the form ofa street address, an intersection of two streets, or a point of interestpreviously identified in the geographical database. The origin anddestination are communicated from the mobile unit to the base unit. Thebase unit calculates a route between the specified origin anddestination. The routing information is communicated from the base unitto the mobile unit where it is displayed by the mobile unit. The displaycan be a graphical display, showing map portions and providing traveldirections along with a display of highway signs and other information.The display can include textual information providing travel directions.The mobile unit may supply a digitally synthesized voice which audiblypresents the travel directions to the user. In some applications, thedisplay is stylized to display additional information to the user or todisplay information in a more realistic or more informative form. Forexample, the display can indicate in graphical form whether an on or offramp is a tight or gentle turn by displaying stylized ramps.Shapepoints, that is, points which more accurately depict the physicalshape of a road, can be generated either by the base unit or by a remoteunit.

In a second mode of operation, the mobile unit formulates a queryrequesting information about points of interest within a specifieddistance of an origin. The origin may be specified by street address,intersecting streets, by geographic position or by reference to a pointof interest. The query is communicated from the mobile unit to the baseunit. The base unit uses the geographical database to formulate aresponse. The response is communicated from the base unit to the mobileunit for display to the user.

In a third mode of operation, a mobile unit provides informationspecifying its location to the base unit. A control unit requeststracking information about the mobile unit from the base unit. Thecontrol unit may be, for example, another personal computer, coupled tothe base unit through an external interface, either directly or througha communications network. The base unit provides to the control unittracking information including the current location of the mobile unitwith respect to the street network and the route covered by the mobileunit.

The invention further provides a protocol for communicating a query fromthe mobile unit to the base unit and for communicating a response fromthe base unit to the mobile unit. The protocol allows transmission ofvariable length messages, as required by the individual mobile unit orcommunication link. The protocol includes error checking, time stampingand subscriber information. The protocol further includes informationspecifying origin and destination, for a query, and message type andmessage contents, such as route information, for a response.

The invention thus provides geographically referenced information from abase unit to a mobile unit, the mobile unit needing only data entry anddisplay devices and a communications link. An advantage of the inventionis that the invention provides this capability in a mobile unit whichdoes not require on-board database storage or position finding equipmentat the mobile unit. A further advantage of the invention is that theinvention provides a mobile unit with access to a larger, morecomprehensive database. For example, prior art CD-ROM-based databasesare limited to 600 MB of storage which may be sufficient to store mapinformation for only a single metropolitan region. In contrast, theinvention allows the mobile unit to access map information for manymetropolitan regions or an entire nation, as well as other information,such as on-line yellow page information or news, weather and/or trafficadvisory information, which may be provided by third-party informationproviders. Such information can be provided on a geographic specificbasis. A still further advantage of the invention is that the inventionpermits automatic, real time database updates by maintaining thedatabase only at the base unit, avoiding the need to distribute databaseupdates to the mobile units.

A further advantage of the invention is that the invention provides amethod for communicating requests for routing information and responsesincluding routing information in which the method is independent ofspecific hardware. A further advantage of the invention is providing asystem which can be implemented using any commonly available hardwaredevices, including laptop computers, personal digital assistants andother transportable units communicating via wireless, wireline, and/oroptical systems.

A still further advantage of the invention is efficiently conveyingcomplex information, including graphical information, over communicationchannels having a limited bandwidth using data compression and a novelprotocol, to be described in detail below. This allows a system inaccordance with the invention to dynamically transmit selected mapportions for display on a capable mobile unit. The geographicalinformation may be saved at the mobile unit for later retrieval anddisplay, without having to again access the base unit.

System Description

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a system 10 embodying theinvention. The system 10 includes a base unit 12 and a plurality 14 ofremote units arranged to communicate with the base unit 12. The baseunit 12 includes a central processing unit (CPU) and a program memorywhich stores programs for performing the functions described below. IBMRS/6000 series computers are suitable for such a purpose; however, manyother computer systems can be used. The plurality 14 of remote units mayinclude, for example, a desktop personal computer (PC) 16 such as IBMcompatible PC's and the Apple Newton, a laptop personal computer (PC)18, or a pager 20. Suitable program languages include ANSI C andMS-Visual Basic.

The plurality 14 of remote units may include any number of mobile units.The base unit 12 is preferably located at a single, central location.One remote unit may be permanently located at a single site, such asdesktop personal computer 16. Another remote unit may be mobile ortransportable, such as laptop personal computer 18 or pager 20. As usedherein, the term “mobile unit” includes both remote units which may bepermanently located at a single site and remote units which are mobileor transportable.

Communications between the base unit and the remote units arepacketized. A packet contains one or more messages.

The desktop personal computer 16 is an example of one type of mobileunit which may be included in the system 10. The desktop personalcomputer 16 preferably includes a modem 22, a memory 26, a keyboard 28,a display 30 and a microprocessor 32. The modem 22 is adapted to becoupled to a telephone line 24. The telephone line 24 is in turn coupledto the commercial telephone system 25. The modem 22 may be, for example,a serial (dial-up line) modem such as a modem compatible with an ATcommand set which is built into the desktop personal computer 16, astand-alone modem, or a PCMCIA modem. Alternatively, the modem may befor use with a specialty wireless transmission network such as ARDIS,CDPD (cellular digital packet data) or RAM. Still further, the modem maybe of a type custom designed for the desktop personal computer 16. Themodem 22 forms a transmission means at the mobile unit for transmittingthe origin and the destination and a receiving means at the mobile unitfor receiving the responses, including the route, from the base unit 12.

The microprocessor 32 responds to program instructions and data storedin the memory 26. To activate the system 10, a user manipulates thekeyboard 28 to formulate a request. The request may, for example, seekthe route between an origin and a destination. The keyboard 28 thusprovides an input means at the mobile unit for providing an origin and adestination. The desktop PC 16, under control of a program ofinstructions stored in the memory 26, conveys the request over thetelephone line 24 to the base unit 12. The base unit 12 formulates aresponse to the request and conveys the response over the telephone line24 to the desktop PC 16. The response to the request is displayed on thedisplay 30. The display 30 thus forms an output means at the mobile unitfor providing an indication of the route provided in the response. Inaddition, the response may be stored in the memory 26 for laterretrieval and display. The memory 26 thus provides a storage means atthe mobile unit for storing the route communicated from the base unit.

The laptop personal computer 18 is another example of a mobile unitwhich can be used in the system 10. The laptop PC 18 includes a modem34, a memory 40, a position locator 42, a keyboard 44, a display 46 anda microprocessor 48. The modem 34 is coupled to an antenna 36 forsending and receiving cellular telephone calls in conjunction with thecellular telephone system 38, which is a portion of the commercialtelephone system 25. The modem 34 may be, for example, any of the modemtypes described in conjunction with the modem 22 of the desktop personalcomputer 16.

The microprocessor 48 operates in response to program instructions anddata stored in the memory 40. The position locator 42 provides thegeographical position of the laptop PC 18. For example, the positionindicator 42 may perform radio frequency (RF) triangulation or may beresponsive to GPS (Global Positioning System), LORAN C signals or othersatellite positioning systems for providing latitude and longitudepositioning information. The position locator 42 thus provides aposition determining means for determining the geographical position ofthe mobile unit. The laptop PC 18, in response to the programinstructions stored in the memory 40, provides a request over thecommercial telephone system to the base unit 12. The request may be, forexample, for the route between an origin and a destination. The originmay be specified either by manipulating the keyboard 44 or by providingthe latitude and longitude information produced by the position locator42. The base unit 12 provides a response to the request to the laptop PC18. The response is displayed on the display 46.

The pager 20 provides another example of a remote unit which can be usedin the system 10. The pager 20 includes an RF interface 50 coupled to anantenna 52 for receiving RF signals from an antenna 54 coupled to thebase unit 12. The pager 20 further includes a microprocessor 56responsive to program instructions and data stored in a memory 58. Inresponse to information transmitted from the base unit 12 and receivedat the antenna 52, the microprocessor 56 displays information, such asgeographical directions, on a display 60.

In another mode of operation, one mobile unit, such as the desktoppersonal computer 16, may track another mobile unit, such as the laptoppersonal computer 18, using the system 10. A user of the desktoppersonal computer 16 may manipulate the keyboard 28 to request routeguidance information such as tracking information. The request istransmitted over the telephone line 24 to the base unit 12. The baseunit 12 formulates a response based on the geographic positioninformation provided by the position locator 42 of the laptop PC 18. Theresponse is transmitted over the telephone line 24 to the desktoppersonal computer 16 for display on the display 30.

Thus, the system 10 provides geo-referenced information over, forexample, wireless and wireline devices to mobile and remote users. It isunderstood that the communications technologies and the mobile unitsillustrated in FIG. 1 may be combined in ways other than thoseillustrated in FIG. 1. For example, the desktop personal computer 16 mayinclude an RF interface such as the RF interface 50 of the pager 20.Similarly, the modem 34 of the laptop PC 18 may be adapted for couplingdirectly to a telephone line such as telephone line 24. In addition,other types of mobile units, such as personal digital assistants (PDAs),may be included in the system 10. Moreover, mobile units may access thebase unit indirectly by communicating directly with a third-partyinformation provider, such as Prodigy™, which in turn conveys queries toand responses from the base unit 12. In accordance with the invention,the invention operates independently of particular hardwareconfigurations of the plurality 14 of remote units and of thecommunications system.

The base unit 12 includes an I/O interface 62, a query resolver 64, aroute calculator 66, a distance and time travel estimator 68, asurroundings explorer 70, a map database 72, an on-line traffic and mapupdater 72U, and a third-party data integrator 80. The I/O interface 62includes a telephone interface 74 for coupling the base unit 12 to thecommercial telephone system 25 including the telephone line 24. The I/Ointerface 62 further includes an RF interface 76 for coupling the baseunit 12 with RF communication devices such as an antenna 54. The I/Ointerface 62 and the modem 22 thus provide a communication means forcommunicating an origin and a destination from the desktop personalcomputer 16 to the base unit 12 and for communicating a route from thebase unit 12 to the desktop personal computer 16. The I/O interface 62,the modem 34 and the antenna 36 provide a communication means forcommunicating the origin and the destination from the laptop personalcomputer 18 to the base unit 12 and for communicating the route from thebase unit 12 to the laptop personal computer 18.

The I/O interface 62 may further include a network interface 75 forcoupling the base unit 12 to one or more wireless or wirelinecommunication networks such as CDPD (cellular digital packet data),TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol), ARDIS or RAM.The I/O interface 62 may further include an external interface 77 forcoupling the base unit 12 to a control unit 84. The control unit 84provides an external link to the base unit 12 and may be, for example, apersonal computer coupled over a wireless or wireline network or adirectly connected terminal. The control unit 84 may include, forexample, a keyboard 86 and a display 88. The control unit 84 may requesttracking information about the location of one or more mobile units. Forexample, a mobile unit may be located in an armored vehicle transportingvaluables along a specified route. The control unit may receive trackinginformation from the base unit and, if the mobile unit in the armoredvehicle varies from the specified route by a predetermined amount, soundan alarm or trigger some other action.

The I/O interface 62, including the telephone interface 74 and the RFinterface 76, provide a means for coupling the base unit 12 withcommunications media such as the commercial telephone system and otherwireline and wireless devices. The I/O interface 62 thus receivesqueries from the plurality 14 of remote units and transmits theresponses from the base unit 12 to the plurality 14 of remote units. TheI/O interface 62 therefore provides a receiving means at the base unitfor receiving the origin and destination and a transmitting means at thebase unit for transmitting the route to a mobile unit.

The query resolver 64 receives the request from the I/O interface 62.When a request is entered at one of the plurality 14 of remote units, amistake may be made. For example, in manipulating the keyboard 44 of thelaptop personal computer 18, the user may have entered “O'HAIR,”intending to enter “O'HARE,” indicating O'Hare Airport. Otherambiguities may be in the format of the address provided, in thelatitude and longitude of the position provided, or in the definition ofcross streets. The function of the query resolver 64 is to resolve suchambiguities in the query at the base unit 12 and convey the query forfurther processing.

After the query resolver, the query is routed to the route calculator66. In a manner well known in the art, the route calculator 66determines a route between a specified origin and destination using themap database 72. The map database 72 may be, for example, the navigablemap database maintained by Navigation Technologies Corp. The mapdatabase 72 preferably includes an accurate, complete, and up-to-daterepresentation of geographic information such as addresses, streetnames, navigation attributes (including turn restrictions, one-waystreets, physical dividers, relative heights, freeway sign text, and soforth), as well as point of interest categories, such as parks, schools,hospitals, restaurants, and golf courses associated with the geographicinformation. The on-line traffic and map updater 72U receives updatinginformation from map database vendor(s) 81 and traffic informationproviders 83 and maintains map database 72 current.

In determining the route, the route calculator 66 preferably takes intoaccount routing restrictions such as toll road avoidance, turnrestrictions at a specified time of day, and other restrictions. Suchrouting restrictions may be specified by an operator at the base unit 12in response to a temporary condition or may be added to the map database72 when the restrictions become nationally available. The routecalculator 66 thus forms a calculating means at the base unit forcalculating a route between the origin and the destination. The mapdatabase may be divided into geographic areas such as metropolitanareas. Providing the route calculation function in the base unit 12reduces the data storage and data processing requirements for the remoteunits. In certain applications, however, it may be desirable to providethe remote units with a limited route calculation function.

After a route has been calculated, the route is conveyed from the routecalculator 66 to the I/O interface 62. The I/O interface 62 formats aresponse to the query. The response includes the route guidanceinformation determined by the route calculator 66. The I/O interface 62then communicates the response from the base unit 12 to the mobile unitwhich originally requested the information.

If the query requests a distance or a time of travel, the query isforwarded to the distance and time travel estimator 68. The distance andtime travel estimator 68, in response to the query and using the mapdatabase 72, formulates a response to the query. The response isconveyed from the distance and time travel estimator 68 to the I/Ointerface 62. The response is formatted at the I/O interface 62 andcommunicated from the base unit 12 to the mobile unit which originallyrequested the information.

If the query requests information about points of interest in the areasurrounding an origin, the query is conveyed to the surroundingsexplorer 70. The surroundings explorer 70 provides an optimized methodfor searching for points of interest satisfying specified criteria orparameters such as time or distance. For example, the surroundingsexplorer 70 may locate all McDonald's™ restaurants within a specifieddriving distance or driving time of a specified origin, or it may locatethe McDonald's™ restaurant nearest the specified origin. The origin andsearch parameters are specified in the query received from the mobileunit. In response to the query, the surroundings explorer 70 accessesthe map database 72 and searches outward from the specified origin. Thesurroundings explorer 70 analyzes paths in the map database 72 overwhich a mobile unit, in a car for example, could legitimately travel.The surroundings explorer 70 examines the associated point of interestinformation for entries satisfying the specified search parameters. Thesurroundings explorer 70 thus determines which points of interestsatisfy the query. The information is then conveyed from thesurroundings explorer 70 to the I/O interface 62 and a response isformatted. The response is then communicated from the base unit 12 tothe remote unit which requested the information.

The third-party data integrator 80 provides additional data such ason-line yellow pages information or news, weather, and/or trafficadvisory information for responding to queries from a mobile unit. Theadditional data are preferably received from other informationproviders, illustrated in FIG. 1 as functional block 82. The additionaldata may also be added directly to and located within the map database72. The additional data may be supplied external to the base unit 12 viaany known data communications network.

The functions performed by the base unit 12, as described above andillustrated in the functional block diagram of FIG. 1, are performed ina data processing system. The data processing system may be in one ormore units and include a processor for executing program instructions, amemory for storage of the program instructions and data such as the mapdatabase 72. The data processing system further includes other equipmentsuch as digital logic for implementing the I/O interface 62 forreceiving queries and sending responses. The data processing system mayinclude a display and a keyboard as an operator interface.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of the invention. Themethod begins at step 100 where communication is established between themobile unit and the base unit 12. Performance of this step is largelydependent on the specific implementation of both the base unit 12 andthe mobile unit. For example, with reference to FIG. 1, the desktoppersonal computer 16 would establish communications using the modem 22to place a telephone call over the telephone line 24 to the base unit12. The telephone interface 74 of the base unit 12 and the modem 22would establish communication in a manner well known in the art.Similarly, the laptop personal computer 18 would establishcommunications with the base unit 12 by completing a telephone callthrough the cellular telephone system 38. However, the basic operationof the invention is independent of the particular hardware andcommunication channels employed.

The method continues at step 102, in which a query is formatted at theremote unit. The query is formatted in accordance with the protocol ofthe invention, to be described in further detail below in conjunctionwith FIG. 3. The query comprises a serial stream of data and controlbits. The control bits, for example, identify the remote useroriginating the query. The data bits specify the precise request beingmade of the base unit. For example, the data bits may specify an originpoint and a destination point, from which the route calculator 66(FIG. 1) of the base unit 12 is to calculate the route. Certaincommunications transport protocols, specific to the particular hardwareimplementation of the system 10, may prepend or append characters orother control bits to the control and data bits which form the query.For example, the modem 22 of the desktop PC 16 may include handshakingbits or signals to be used by the telephone interface 74 of the baseunit 12 for processing the query. At step 104, the query is transmittedfrom the mobile unit to the base unit 12.

The method continues at step 106, where ambiguities in the query areresolved by the query resolver 64 (FIG. 1). Ambiguities may be in theform of spelling errors in the identification of an origin or adestination, an inconsistent latitude or longitude specification, andthe like. At step 108, if the query resolver 64 cannot resolve theambiguity, an error message may be communicated from the base unit tothe remote unit at step 110, and the query must be repeated.

The method continues at step 112, where the query type is identified.The query may be one of several different types, including a routequery, a point of interest query, a language query, or a metro areaquery. A route query asks the base unit 12 to identify a route between aspecified origin point and a specified destination point. A route queryincludes the origin and the destination. A point of interest queryrequests a list of points of interest which satisfy specified criteria.For example, a point of interest query might request a list of allrestaurants of a specific type, such as McDonald's™, within a specifieddistance or a specified driving time of a specified origin. A languagequery requests a list of available languages for display of informationat the mobile unit or specifies the language (such as English or Dutch)in which the routing information is to be displayed at the remote unit.Such language queries are not needed if the language independent mode(to be described below) is being used. A metro area query requests alist of available metropolitan areas or specifies the metropolitan areawithin the map database 72 (FIG. 1) to be used for responding to thequery. For example, a query which has as its origin “77 W. ChestnutStreet” in Chicago must specify the Chicago metropolitan area ratherthan, for example, the Cincinnati metropolitan area, in order to preventconfusion. If a query cannot be identified, an error message isgenerated at step 110 and the query must be repeated. After the querytype has been determined at step 112, the query is routed to, forexample, the route calculator 66, the distance and travel estimator 68,and/or the surroundings explorer 70 (FIG. 1) for processing.

The method continues at step 114, where the query is fulfilled. Forexample, if the query requested routing information between an originand a destination, the route calculator 66, operating in conjunctionwith the map database 72, calculates a route between the origin and thedestination. Similarly, if the query was a point of interest query, thesurroundings explorer 70 will determine points of interest which satisfythe query.

The method continues at step 116, where the response to the query isformatted. The response is formatted in accordance with a datacommunications protocol to be described in detail in conjunction withFIG. 4. The formatted response includes control and data bits. Thecontrol bits specify information such as the mobile unit which initiatedthe request. The data bits specify the information, such as routeguidance information, which fulfills the query. At step 118, the methodconcludes when the response is electromagnetically transmitted from thebase unit 12 to the mobile unit.

Referring now to FIG. 3, it is a diagram illustrating a datacommunication protocol for communicating data from a mobile unit to abase unit in accordance with the invention and which can be used inconjunction with the system of FIG. 1 and the method of FIG. 2. Theprotocol illustrated in FIG. 3 is defined by a communications syntaxincluding variable message lengths, allowing as little or as much datatransfer as necessary for the specific application requirement. In thisimplementation example, the protocol can be used across allcommunications systems, as long as the printable, seven-bit ASCIIcharacter set, plus the “newline” character (0x0A) can be transmitted bythe communications system.

The transmitted character set consists of the principal ASCII characterset plus the newline character. To transmit bytes of data which do notfit in this character set, or for communication protocols which do notallow transmission of the newline character, an escape mechanism isprovided to allow transmission of these characters. For communication inbinary format, numeric fields or numeric values are transmitted usingtwo's complement notation, in network byte order (most significant bytefirst, followed by bytes of decreasing significance). Floating pointnumbers are transmitted using the IEEE 64-bit double precision format,with the most significant byte transmitted first.

Only a single query message 120 is needed to transmit a query from amobile unit to the base unit 12. This query message 120 provides forboth current location tracking information as well as route calculationrequests. The query message 120 includes a plurality of fields 122. Eachfield of the plurality 122 of fields is separated by a delimiter,preferably the vertical bar “|” (ASCII code 0x7C). The start of thequery message 120 begins with a delimiter character. The end of eachmessage is marked by a delimiter character immediately followed by anewline character (ASCII code 0x0A), represented in FIGS. 3 and 4 as“\n”. Any characters between the ending newline character and thestarting delimiter are preferably ignored by the base unit 12 and themobile unit.

As noted, the query message 120 includes a plurality of fields 122. Somecommunications transport protocols may prepend or append characters forcontrolling communication of the message in accordance with the specifichardware implementation of the system 10.

The query message 120 includes a message length field 124. This fieldspecifies the length of the query message 120. The message length field124 may also include a compression marker 125 indicating the compressionstatus of the message. For example, the compression marker 125 may takeon a first value if the query message 120 is compressed using a currentphrase compression table. The compression marker 125 may take on asecond value if the query message 120 is compressed using the currentdictionary (bit compression) table. The compression marker 125 may takeon a third value if the query message 120 is compressed using the L-Z(Lev-Zempel) compression algorithm. And the compression marker 125 maytake on a fourth value or simply not be present if the query message 120is not compressed in any way.

The query message 120 further includes a cyclical redundancy check (CRC)field 126. This field is preferably the computed CRC-16 of the querymessage 120, starting with the delimiter following the CRC field 126 upto and including the ending newline, as actually transmitted (i.e., ascompressed). The query message 120 further includes a time stamp field128 which gives the number of seconds since the epoch (00:00:00 GMT Jan.1, 1970) when this message was sent. Preferably, messages older than 20minutes will be ignored when received by the base unit 12.

The query message 120 further includes a subscriber identifier field130. The information provided in this field may be used for billing andaudit information. The query message 120 further includes a messageidentifier field 132. The characters in this field are used to tagresponse messages transmitted from the base unit 12 to the requestingmobile unit. The base unit 12 will place the characters in the messageID field 132 in any return message so that the mobile unit may determinewhat original message the base unit 12 is responding to. The querymessage 120 further includes an identifier field 134, which providesidentification information uniquely identifying the mobile unit whichtransmitted the query message 120. The identification field 134 is usedfor tracking and communications addressing.

The query message 120 further includes a latitude field 136 and alongitude field 138. These fields specify the current position of themobile unit by latitude and longitude, respectively. By default, thecurrent latitude and longitude provide the origin for all routingrequests, and also provide the position used for default trackingaddress translation.

The query message 120 further includes an origin field 140. The originfield 140 specifies the origin address for a routing informationrequest. If this field is empty, the current position specified by thelatitude field 136 and the longitude field 138 is used as the originaddress. The query message 120 further includes an origin type field142, which may be either an address or a point of interest category(such as “restaurant”, “museum” or “airport”) which is recognizable bythe base unit 12.

The query message 120 further includes a destination field 144, whichspecifies the destination address if routing information is requested bythe mobile unit from the base unit 12. If the destination field 144 isempty, then no route is calculated by the base unit 12. Instead, themessage 120 is considered to be a tracking message only, merelyproviding the location of the mobile unit.

The query message 120 further includes a destination type field 146which specifies the type of destination. For example, the destinationmay be an address or a point of interest category recognizable by thebase unit 12. For example, the point of interest categories may include“restaurant”, “airport”, or “museum.” As one example, the destinationtype field 146 may be “restaurant”, and the destination field 144 may be“McDonald's™”.

The query message 120 further includes a destination limit field 148.This field specifies a limit for point of interest searches. Such asearch will be limited to the range specified by the value in thedestination limit field 148 about the origin. For example, if thedestination limit field 148 is empty or has a value 0, the base unit 12preferably interprets this to indicate that the nearest point ofinterest satisfying the requirements specified by the destination field144 and the destination type field 146 should be located. If thedestination limit field 148 is non-zero, then the limit specified setsthe maximum range searched for a matching point of interest. If nomatching point of interest is in the range specified, a “no match” routeerror is returned.

The value of the destination limit specified in the destination limitfield 148 depends on the limit type field 150. The limit type field 150determines what unit of measurement is in the destination limit field.For example, the limit type field may take on a first value (for example“M”) when the destination limit specifies a straight line distance. Thelimit type field 150 may take on a second value when the destinationlimit is driving distance. Or, the limit type field 150 may take on athird value when the destination limit is driving time, in minutes.

The query message 120 concludes with an ending field 152. The endingfield 152 preferably includes the newline character, represented in FIG.3 as “\n”.

Before the ending field 152, the query message 120 may also includeadditional optional fields which specify additional information orservice requests from the mobile unit to the base unit 12. For example,the query message 120 may additionally specify a text message to anoperator of the base unit 12, or specify whether the base unit 12 shouldprovide maneuver arms information or combined maneuver arms informationalong with route guidance text. The query message 120 can also specify,for example, whether the base unit 12 should send route stripmapinformation for a specified strip width with the returned route text,whether the base unit 12 should send responses in a language independentmanner, and/or whether map information should be sent by the base unit12 in bitmap or vector form.

Maneuver arms information is used to represent intersections along theroute determined by the base unit 12. Combined maneuver arms informationcan be provided when two intersections are sufficiently close together.Further, the query message 120 can additionally specify routing optionssuch as route calculations which avoid tolls, avoid left turns or avoidlimited access roads, or specify a time of day for the start of theroute. Still further, the message 120 could optionally requestadditional information from the base unit 12, such as a list of point ofinterest types, a list of points of interest matching search criteria ora list of files which may be communicated from the base unit 12 to themobile unit to provide descriptive information.

Referring now to FIG. 4, FIG. 4 illustrates a data communicationsprotocol for communicating data from a base unit to a mobile unit inaccordance with the invention and which can be used in conjunction withthe system of FIG. 1 and the method of FIG. 2. In FIG. 4, a responsemessage 160 is illustrated as including a plurality of fields 162.

In accordance with the invention, the response message 160 may betransmitted in a continuous stream of data, called the burst mode, or ina plurality of discrete responses to queries for data, called the normalmode. The mode of data transmission can be specified by the mobile unit,for example, in an additional field included in the query message 120.In the burst mode, the base unit 12 transmits data as fast as possible,without waiting for requests from the mobile unit. In the normal mode,the base unit 12 sends a packet, then waits for the mobile unit torequest the next packet before sending the next packet.

As mentioned above, the response transmitted from the base unit 12 to amobile unit may include maneuver arms information. Maneuver arms aregraphical vectors used by the mobile unit for displaying a graphicalrepresentation of an intersection to be traversed. At least three typesof visual information can be transmitted by the base unit. These includea geometric representation of the intersection, including armsrepresenting the streets approaching an intersection and the angles atwhich the streets approach the intersection. The transmitted informationcan further include which of the streets is included in the route to betraveled so that, for example, that street may be highlighted in thegraphical display. The transmitted information can further includeinformation about street signs located at the intersection.

In one embodiment, the maneuver arms information includes onlysufficient data to create a display showing only what the driver of avehicle containing the mobile unit will see as the driver traverses thedisplayed intersection. Other, extraneous information, such as a map ofthe region around the intersection or of the entire metropolitan region,is not transmitted.

Transmitting only a representation of intersections to be traversed,rather than extraneous information, greatly reduces data transmissionand storage requirements. Thus, a relatively low bandwidth channel maybe used for transmitting queries and responses between the base unit 12and the mobile unit. For example, a channel having a bandwidth as low as1,200 bits per second may be used. In contrast, transmitting extraneousinformation may require a bandwidth as high as 1 megabit per second.Since, with the invention, the amount of data transmitted is relativelysmall, the entire response, including maneuver arms information, may betransmitted in a reasonable time, even at a low bandwidth. In addition,since only pertinent information about intersections is transmitted,only a small amount of memory, such as memory 26 of the desktop personalcomputer 16 (FIG. 1) is required at the mobile unit.

After an intersection has been traversed, the display is, in general,updated to show the next intersection to be traversed, using maneuverarms information received from the base unit and stored in memory. Thedisplay can be updated in response to operator control, for example, byoperating a switch or by voice control, or automatically in response toa position sensor such as the position locator 42 of the laptop personalcomputer 18 (FIG. 1).

The response message 160 preferably includes a message length field 164which specifies the length of the response message 160. In addition, themessage length field 164 may include a compression marker character 165.The compression marker character 165 may take on one of a number ofvalues. For example, the compression marker character 165 may take on afirst value if the response message 160 is compressed using the currentphrase compression table. The compression marker character 165 may takeon a second value if the response message 160 is compressed using thecurrent dictionary (bit compression) table. The compression markercharacter 165 may take on a third value if the response message 160 iscompressed according to the L-Z (Lev-Zempel) compression algorithm. Thecompression marker character 165 may take on a fourth value or simplynot be present if the response message 160 is not compressed in any way.

The response message 160 further includes a CRC field 166 which ispreferably the computed CRC-16 of the message 160, starting with thedelimiter following the CRC field 166 up to and including the endingcharacter of the message 160. The response message 160 further includesa time stamp field 168 which specifies the number of seconds since theepoch (00:00:00 GMT Jan. 1, 1970) when this message was sent.Preferably, messages older than 20 minutes will be ignored by the mobileunit which receives the message.

The response message 160 further includes a subscriber identifier field170. This field preferably specifies information used for auditing,billing and authorization.

The response message 160 further includes a message identification field172. In accordance with the invention, the contents of the messageidentification field 170 of the response message 160 match the contentsof the message ID field 132 of the query message 120. The responsemessage 160 further includes an identifier field 174. Preferably, thecontents of the identifier field 174 of the response message 160 matchthe contents of the identifier field 134 of the query message 120.

The response message 160 also includes a type field 176 and a messagefield 178. The type field 176 specifies the type of the messagecontained in the message field 178. For example, the type field 176 mayhave a first value (for example type “R”) specifying that the messagefield 178 contains route tracking address translation information. Sucha message would result from the base unit 12 having received a routetracking query. The message in the message field 178 is then the addresscorresponding to the current position (latitude, longitude). The typefield 176 may have a second value specifying that the message field 178includes route guidance information. This message would result from thebase unit 12 having received a route calculation request. The message isthe set of driving instructions. The instructions will contain severallines of text, each separated by carriage return/newline characters.There may be several messages of this type communicated for a singleroute. Each message will correspond to a single maneuver if arms arerequested, or be the complete text if arms are not requested.

The message type field 176 may take on a third value to indicate thatthe message field 178 contains a download of information. This messagewould result from a query requesting particular information from thebase unit 12. The type field 176 may take on a fourth value to indicatethat the message field 178 contains an error message. For example, thelatitude and longitude specified by the latitude field 136 and thelongitude field 138 in the query message may be outside the specifiedmetropolitan region, or the specified address may be invalid or notfound for a route calculation. The message field 178 contains the errortext defining the error.

The type field 176 may take on a fifth value to specify that the messagefield 178 contains a query response. Such a message would be the resultof a query made of the database, for example requesting a list of pointof interest types. The message field 178 includes the query data.

The response message 160 concludes with an ending field 180. Preferably,the ending field 180 includes the newline character, illustrated in FIG.4 as “\n”.

The use of maneuver arms will now be described in greater detail.Maneuver arms are used to depict roads at intersections. If maneuverarms information is requested by a remote unit, the base unit 12generates the maneuver arms information in a maneuver arm generationmodule and provides this arms information for a current maneuver to theremote unit. The remote unit, for example computer 18, processes thisinformation and displays the information on a display, for exampledisplay 46. The base unit 12 provides the information to the remote unitin the following form:

-   -   FromName; ToName; x₁, y₁; x₂, y₂ [ . . . ; x_(n), y_(n)]

“FromName” is the road being driven on at the beginning of the maneuver.“ToName” is the road being driven on at the end of the maneuver (exceptfor the first maneuver). The x, y values specify the endpoints of thearms from an origin, which is set at the intersection. Each arm startsat the origin and radiates outward to an endpoint x, y. In one preferredembodiment, x and y are integer values between −100 and +100. The baseunit 12 scales and rotates the arms so that the from road is vertical onthe display and approaches the intersection from the bottom. If thereare any arms, in general there will be at least two: a first arm torepresent the “from” road using x₁ and y₁, and a second arm to representthe “to” road using x₂ and y₂. Other arms specified by x_(n) and y_(n)are used to represent any additional roads at the intersection. Thesigns of the x and y coordinates are shown in FIG. 5.

In one embodiment, the endpoint coordinates of the first, or from, armare 1, 99 so that the first arm appears to be going straight up from thebottom of the display to the origin. The other arms are mapped relativeto the position of this first arm. In this embodiment, endpointcoordinates of 99, −1 correspond to an approximately 90° right turn fromthe first arm. Endpoint coordinates of −99, 0 correspond to anapproximately 90° left turn from the first arm. Endpoint coordinates of1, −100 correspond to proceeding straight ahead through theintersection.

For the first maneuver, the ToName can represent a cross street near thebeginning of a route to orient the driver even though this cross streetis not to be turned onto.

FIGS. 6 to 10 illustrate examples of displays in a remote unit in thecourse of a trip from 1550 Rockwood St., Los Angeles, to 280 EmeraldSt., Los Angeles. In this example, after the driver enters the frominformation “1550 ROCKWOOD ST, LOS ANGELES” and the to information “280EMERALD ST, LOS ANGELES” the display in the remote unit informs thedriver of the approximate driving distance and driving time bydisplaying “ABOUT 0.4 MILES, 3 MINUTES” (not shown in FIGS. 6 to 10).Then, as the driver proceeds, the display displays the textual andgraphic information shown in FIGS. 6 to 10. The directions in textualform are displayed on the left, and corresponding maneuver arms aregraphically displayed on the right based on the x, y endpointcoordinates received from the base unit 12. The exact appearance of thedisplay, for example, road width and road edge color, can be customizedby the remote user.

FIGS. 11 to 14 illustrate the data transferred between the remote unitand the base unit in the example of FIGS. 6 to 10. More specifically,FIG. 11 illustrates the packet transmitted from the remote unit to thebase unit. FIG. 12 illustrates the packet issued from the base unit inresponse. FIG. 13 illustrates a second communication from the remoteunit to the base unit. And, FIG. 14 illustrates a corresponding responsefrom the base unit. In the example of FIGS. 11 to 14, not all of thefields shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 are needed and are thus omitted.

As shown by the “ARMS=Y” designation in an optional routing alternativesfield, the request in FIG. 11 includes a request for maneuver armsinformation. In the second message in FIG. 12, the base unit begins tosend maneuver arms information, in the format described above, via the“ARM=ROCKWOOD,GLENDALE;1,99;−91,41;90,−42” instruction. The optional“MORE=Y” instruction in the fifth message of FIG. 12 indicates thatthere are more packets of messages to follow. The “MANEUVER=NEXT” and“ARMS=Y” instructions of FIG. 13 direct the base unit 12 to send theadditional information, including maneuver arms information. Thisadditional information is sent via the packet shown in FIG. 14.

FIGS. 15 to 38 illustrate additional examples of data transferredbetween a remote unit and a base unit. FIG. 15 illustrates a packet sentby a remote unit to a base unit which constitutes the initial log-incommunication that sets a non-burst mode and a 1K maximum packet size.FIG. 16 illustrates the response to the request of FIG. 15. FIG. 16 is aresponse which merely acknowledges the request of FIG. 15 because thereis insufficient information for a route request or a query. FIG. 17illustrates a request to use a Los Angeles, Calif. database for futurerequests and FIG. 18 illustrates the corresponding acknowledgement.

FIG. 19 illustrates a request for a route from 950 S. Flint Ridge Way to2043 N. Sacramento along with maneuver arms. FIG. 20 illustrates a firstpacket in response to the request of FIG. 19. FIG. 21 illustrates arequest from the remote unit to the base unit to send the next packet ofinstructions along with maneuver arms. FIG. 22 illustrates a responseproviding the next packet, as requested. FIG. 23 illustrates a requestfor the next block of instructions and FIG. 24 illustrates the nextblock of instructions. Finally, FIG. 25 illustrates a request for thelast block of instructions and FIG. 26 illustrates the correspondingresponse. Thus, FIGS. 19 to 26 together illustrate the communications toprovide the route from 950 S. Flint Ridge Way to 2043 N. Sacramento.

FIG. 27 illustrates a request for a route from 1750 Queens Road to 7530Orangethorpe, along with maneuver arms. FIG. 28 illustrates the packetgiving the first block of instructions in response to the FIG. 27request. FIG. 29 requests the next block of maneuvers. And, FIG. 30illustrates the final block of maneuvers.

FIG. 31 illustrates a request for a list of all points of interest(POIS) of the restaurant type with “HAPPY” in their name within 10.0miles (encoded as “100” and “M”) of 1855 W. Katella Avenue. FIG. 32illustrates the response indicating that there are no such points ofinterest found which satisfy the given criteria. FIG. 33 illustratesanother request for a list of points of interest of the restaurant typewith “HUNGRY” in their name within 10.0 miles of 1855 W. Katella Avenue.FIG. 34 illustrates the corresponding response providing the informationfor two points of interest satisfying the criteria set forth in themessage of FIG. 33. In FIG. 34, “HUNGRY TIGER SEAFOOD RESTAURANT” at“6231 MANCHESTER BLVD, BUENA PARK” is the first point of interest. The“36” is the type of point of interest, i.e., restaurant. The “23606” isa unique identification number for the point of interest. The“0-0-223-137,4,1” specifies the restaurant location relative to a knownnode in the metropolitan region. The “46646” is the distance to therestaurant in feet and the “N” indicates that no additional informationregarding the restaurant is available.

FIG. 35 is a packet sent from a remote unit to a base unit whichrequests a list of points of interest of the restaurant type with“BURGER” in their name within 10.0 miles of 1855 W. Katella Avenue. FIG.36 illustrates the first packet in response to the request of FIG. 35.FIG. 37 requests additional points of interest in response to therequest of FIG. 35. FIG. 38 provides additional points of interestsatisfying the criteria in the request in FIG. 35.

The invention generates combined maneuver arms in situations where turnsare required at two different intersections which are close together.FIG. 39 illustrates an example of a combined maneuver arm. In theexample of FIG. 39, a slight right turn is required at the corner ofBroad Street and Elm Street and a left turn is required at theintersection of Elm Street and Main Street. Instead of generatingmaneuver arms for the Broad-to-Elm turn and another set of maneuver armsfor the Elm-to-Main turn, the invention generates a single combinedmaneuver arms display, as shown in FIG. 39, by the following process.

For each set of maneuver arms generated at an intersection, the baseunit 12 determines whether there is a sufficiently close intersection atwhich the driver must turn. If sufficiently close intersectionsrequiring turns occur, then the maneuver arms information for both ofthese intersections are merged for a single combined maneuver armsdisplay such as that shown in FIG. 39. For the combined maneuver arms,the roads are designated by sets of endpoints, similar to that describedabove in connection with FIG. 5. One acceptable form for combinedmaneuver arms is as follows:

-   -   FromName, ToName, ox_(a), oy_(a), x_(a1), y_(a1); x_(a2),        y_(a2); x_(an), y_(an): ToName, ox_(b), oy_(b), x_(b1), y_(b1);        x_(b2), y_(b2); x_(bn), y_(bn)

The ox_(a) and oy_(a) coordinates specify the coordinates of the first,or a^(th), intersection, or origin, and the ox_(b) and oy_(b)coordinates specify the coordinates of the second, or b^(th),intersection, or “origin.” The arms are specified with respect to theseorigins. For example, x_(a1) and y_(a1) are the endpoint coordinates ofthe 1^(st) road at the first, or a^(th), intersection. To conservespace, coordinates for “origins” other than the first can be omittedbecause they can be reconstructed from the from/to arm data.

Combined textual information is also displayed along with combinedmaneuver arms. Thus, along with the graphic display shown in FIG. 39,the following textual instructions are also displayed: “Turn slightright on ELM ST. followed shortly by a left turn onto MAIN ST. Drive 5.6miles.” Three or more intersections can be combined.

An additional feature of the invention is the transmission of messageinformation, that is, the information in message field 178 in FIG. 4, ina further compressed form. The use of such a form has at least twoadvantages. First, use of such a form allows message information to betransmitted electromagnetically in a more efficient way. Second, use ofsuch a form allows transmission of information from the base unit 12 toa remote unit in a language independent manner. Upon receipt of theinformation in this form, the remote unit then converts the informationfor display into expanded textual instructions in any desired languagesuch as English, Spanish, Japanese, and/or German. This form willgenerally be referred to herein as the language independent form orlanguage independent mode.

In the language independent mode, the textual description of maneuversare generated by a token generation module in base unit 12 and aretransmitted to the remote unit in a tokenized form. For example,instructions to:

Turn left on W. MAIN ST. and drive 4.3 miles.

Would be transmitted as:

3,W. MAIN ST.,4.3.

In this example, the “3” represents the English instruction to:

Turn left on [blank 1] and drive [blank 2] miles.

The “W. MAIN ST.” field is the information to be inserted in the [blank1] position (corresponding to a street sign) and the “4.3” field is theinformation to be inserted in the [blank 2] position. If German languageinstructions are desired, then the remote unit displays the followingtext for a type “3” instruction:

Auf [blank 1] links abbiegen und [blank 2] Meilen weiterfahren.

Thus, using the 5th message of FIG. 12 as another example, instead oftransmitting “Turn LEFT onto EMERALD DR. \r Drive 0.1 miles.” thefollowing tokenized information is transmitted to convey the sameinformation in a much more compact form:

3,EMERALD DR.,0.1

FIG. 40 provides additional examples of tokens and correspondingexpanded text in English, Spanish, and German.

Upon receiving the tokenized route information, the remote unit appliesa set of translating instructions contained in a lookup tableimplemented, example, in computer 18, one table per language, orsounding, desired. For example, the English token translationinstructions for a type 3 token indicate that “Turn left on” isdisplayed, then the signage or street name, then “and drive,” then thedistance, and then “miles.” The remote unit can be equipped with a setof buttons for the user to specify the desired language(s).

Translation instruction can be more or less complicated and can includeconditions for added flexibility. For example, the English tokentranslation instructions for a type 5 instruction indicate that “Followthe sign” is displayed first, then if the number of signs in the messageis greater than one an “s” should be added to “sign,” then the sign(s)should be displayed, then “on the ramp.” should be displayed. Thus, inone instance a type 5 token might produce, expanded English maneuvertext of:

Follow the signs TO O'HARE, TO INDIANA on the ramp.

In another instance, a type 5 token might produce the expanded Englishmaneuver text of:

Follow the sign TO CHICAGO on the ramp.

The remote unit can also convert the miles information into kilometers,if desired.

Thus, in the language independent mode, information is transmitted fromthe base unit without regard to any particular language. Accordingly,the transmission bandwidth does not depend on the language of theinstructions to be displayed on the display in the remote unit. Becausethe remote unit produces the actual text portion, routes can bepresented in more than one language or way either concurrently orserially, as desired by the remote user, without the need for additionalinformation from the base unit.

Use of tokens allows remote system users to create their own languageformats, if desired, to best fit particular needs and capabilities.Alternatively, a remote unit can download language formats (that is,expanded text corresponding to various tokens) that have already beencreated from the base unit.

The base unit can also provide the remote units with other informationin addition to the textual directions and maneuver arms informationdiscussed above. In some applications, a remote user desires moreinformation than just the textual directions and maneuver armsinformation and more information than is stored and maintained in theremote unit. For various practical reasons, such as cost, remote unitsgenerally have at best only a limited database on-board. Such a limiteddatabase may, for example, include information and/or maps for a limitedmetropolitan area.

Even though a remote user may have no or a limited on-board database,the invention allows the remote user to obtain a large amount ofinformation from the base unit. Thus, the invention allows a remote unitto access a large amount of information without burdening the remoteunit with storage and maintenance of a large database. Such informationcan include, for example, maps for a complete route (not justinformation about intersections which require turns) or maps for an areawhich is simply not covered by any on-board database.

FIG. 41 is a flowchart which illustrates the operations in a remoteunit, such as computer 18, for determining whether the remote unit needsadditional information from the base unit and for obtaining suchadditional information when it is needed. In the operations illustratedin FIG. 41, the remote unit has a small on-board database.

In step S1, the remote unit requests a route between an origin and adestination from the base unit using the protocol shown in FIGS. 3 and11. The base unit 12 calculates the route in route calculator 66 andthis route is received in the remote unit in step S2. In step S3, theremote unit compares the route received from the base unit with mapinformation stored on-board the remote unit. In a preferred embodiment,the comparison is made on a node basis. If any part of the route is notadequately covered by on-board maps in terms of geographic scope/boundor level of detail/content, as determined at step S4, then theprocessing proceeds on to step S5. Otherwise, the processing proceeds onto step S7 and is completed.

In step S5, the remote unit requests, from the base unit 12, stripmapsfor those portions of the route which are not adequately covered by mapsavailable on-board the remote unit. Maps are not requested for areaswhich are adequately covered by on-board maps. A stripmap can berelatively simple or it can be fairly detailed and include side roads,intersections, points of interest, and features for map-matching in theremote unit. In step S6, the remote unit receives the requested stripmapinformation from the base unit.

A similar procedure is used when a route is within the area covered bythe on-board database but the base unit has more up-to-date information.The remote unit can also download updated maps, new programs, and thelike. Remote units without any on-board database must obtain allinformation from the base unit. A remote unit specifies what informationit needs, using the above-described protocol, based on what informationthe remote unit desires and can handle.

Included herewith as Appendix A is a copy of computer code forimplementing the packet/message interpretation and parsing functionsdescribed above.

As can be seen from the foregoing, the invention provides a system andmethod for providing graphically referenced information from a base unitor server to a mobile unit in a compact form. The invention allows themobile unit to operate with limited or no database storage or positionsensor requirements. Software for controlling the mobile unit runs ongeneric hand-held devices or desktop computers with wireless or wirelinecommunications capability. A query, communicated from the mobile unit tothe base unit, and the response, communicated from the base unit to themobile unit, are packaged into a standard data communications protocolthat manages a broad spectrum of queries and responses available. Thisapproach to providing route guidance information allows automatic realtime database updates and corrections at the base unit, avoidingdatabase distribution problems. In addition, the cost and technicalrequirements for the on-board or mobile unit equipment are substantiallylower than for prior art route guidance information systems.

It is to be understood that, while the detailed drawings and specificexamples given describe preferred embodiments of the invention, they arefor the purpose of illustration only. The invention is not limited tothe precise details disclosed, and various changes may be made therein.For example, the format or protocol of the query message and theresponse message, illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively, may bemodified to request different types of information from the map databaseor to specify different formats or subsets of information to be conveyedto the mobile unit. Such changes may be made without departing from thespirit of the invention which is defined by the following claims.

1. A method for providing improved navigation services to a plurality ofmobile units, the method comprising: from the mobile unit, transmittinga request for a route between an origin and a destination to a baseunit; on the mobile unit, receiving said route from the base unit; onthe mobile unit, comparing the received route with on-board mapinformation stored on the mobile unit; if a portion of the route is notcovered by the on-board map information, from the mobile unit,transmitting a request for a strip map for a geographic areacorresponding to the portion of the route not covered by the on-boardmap information to said base unit, said strip map includes datarepresenting roads, side roads, intersections and points of interest insaid geographic area corresponding to the portion of the route notcovered by the on-board map information; and in said mobile unit,receiving said strip map.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said portionof the route not covered by the on-board map information is in terms ofa geographic scope.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said portion of theroute not covered by the on-board map information is in terms of ageographic bound.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said portion of theroute not covered by the on-board map information is in terms of a levelof detail.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said portion of the routenot covered by the on-board map information is in terms of a level ofcontent.
 6. A system for providing geographic information comprising: amobile unit having a first geographic database containing first map datarepresenting roads, intersections and points of interest in a geographicarea; a base unit having a second geographic database containing moreup-to-date map data representing roads, intersections and points ofinterest in the geographic area than said first geographic database,wherein said base unit is located remote from said mobile unit; and acommunications link to transmit a request from the mobile unit to thebase unit and to transmit a response from the base unit to the mobileunit; wherein said mobile unit transmits a request for a route to a baseunit, receives the route from the base unit, compares the route withfirst map data stored on the mobile unit; if a portion of the route isnot covered by the first map data, transmits a request for a map updatefor a geographic area corresponding to the portion of the route notcovered by the first map data to said base unit, said map updateincludes data representing roads, side roads, intersections and pointsof interest in said geographic area corresponding to the portion of theroute not covered by the first map data.
 7. The system of claim 6wherein said communications link is a cellular telephone system.
 8. Thesystem of claim 6 wherein said map update response comprises a stripmap.
 9. The system of claim 6 wherein said mobile unit includes anavigation application program that determines whether updated map datais required to provide a navigation function.
 10. The system of claim 9wherein said navigation function comprises calculation of a routebetween an origin and a destination.
 11. The system of claim 9 whereinsaid navigation function comprises obtaining a requested point ofinterest.
 12. The system of claim 9 wherein said navigation functioncomprises route guidance between an origin and a destination.
 13. Thesystem of claim 9 wherein said navigation function comprises a mapdisplay.
 14. The system of claim 9 wherein said mobile unit receivessaid map update response and uses said up-to-date map data representingroads, intersections and points of interest in the portion of thegeographic area to provide said navigation function.